Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

44.2K
An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
44.2K
The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

30.2K
In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
30.2K
Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

72.3K
Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
72.3K
Molecular Orbital Theory II03:51

Molecular Orbital Theory II

27.6K
Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams
27.6K
Molecular Orbital Theory I02:35

Molecular Orbital Theory I

47.7K
Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory
47.7K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

67.6K
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
67.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid impairs endothelial insulin signaling by inducing phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 at Ser616.

PloS one·2014
Same author

Hydrogen sulfide attenuates the recruitment of CD11b⁺Gr-1⁺ myeloid cells and regulates Bax/Bcl-2 signaling in myocardial ischemia injury.

Scientific reports·2014
Same author

[The hemodynamics study and application of the reversed descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery].

Zhonghua zheng xing wai ke za zhi = Zhonghua zhengxing waike zazhi = Chinese journal of plastic surgery·2014
Same author

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) attenuates infrasound-induced neuronal impairment by inhibiting microglia-mediated inflammation.

The Journal of nutritional biochemistry·2014
Same author

Survival benefit of traditional chinese herbal medicine (a herbal formula for invigorating spleen) in gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis.

Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM·2014
Same author

Aliskiren-attenuated myocardium apoptosis via regulation of autophagy and connexin-43 in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Journal of cellular and molecular medicine·2014

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Data Acquisition Protocol for Determining Embedded Sensitivity Functions
07:46

Data Acquisition Protocol for Determining Embedded Sensitivity Functions

Published on: April 20, 2016

6.5K

Centimeter-Level Orbit Determination for TG02 Spacelab Using Onboard GNSS Data.

Kai Li1,2, Xuhua Zhou3, Wenbin Wang4,5

  • 1Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Science, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, China. kli@shao.ac.cn.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Precise orbit determination for China's Tiangong-2 spacecraft was achieved using onboard Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. Both dynamic and reduced-dynamic methods yielded centimeter-level accuracy, meeting mission requirements.

Keywords:
PODTG02centimeter-levelmultipathorbit accuracy

More Related Videos

A Buoyancy-based Method of Determining Fat Levels in Drosophila
08:00

A Buoyancy-based Method of Determining Fat Levels in Drosophila

Published on: November 1, 2016

9.1K
Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography
04:48

Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography

Published on: November 30, 2022

3.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Data Acquisition Protocol for Determining Embedded Sensitivity Functions
07:46

Data Acquisition Protocol for Determining Embedded Sensitivity Functions

Published on: April 20, 2016

6.5K
A Buoyancy-based Method of Determining Fat Levels in Drosophila
08:00

A Buoyancy-based Method of Determining Fat Levels in Drosophila

Published on: November 1, 2016

9.1K
Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography
04:48

Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography

Published on: November 30, 2022

3.5K

Area of Science:

  • Space Geodesy
  • Satellite Orbit Determination
  • Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Technology

Background:

  • Tiangong-2, China's second manned spacecraft, launched in 2016, is equipped with a dual-frequency geodetic GNSS receiver.
  • Onboard GNSS data collected during its Earth-pointing stabilization phase are crucial for scientific experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze onboard GNSS data quality, including data quantity and code multipath error.
  • To perform post Precise Orbit Determination (POD) using both dynamic and reduced-dynamic methods.
  • To evaluate the orbit accuracy of Tiangong-2 through various validation techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of onboard GNSS data quantity and code multipath error.
  • Post Precise Orbit Determination (POD) using dynamic and reduced-dynamic approaches based on carrier phase measurements.
  • Orbit accuracy assessment via observation residuals, Overlapping Orbit Differences (OODs), inter-method comparison, and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) validation.

Main Results:

  • Average Root Mean Square (RMS) of GNSS phase fitting residuals was 8.8 mm.
  • Reduced-dynamic method yielded OODs with average RMS of 0.43 cm (radial), 1.34 cm (along-track), and 0.39 cm (cross-track).
  • Centimeter-level accuracy was achieved, with dynamic and reduced-dynamic methods showing comparable results and SLR validation confirming accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Both dynamic and reduced-dynamic methods successfully achieved 3D centimeter-level orbit determination for Tiangong-2.
  • The onboard GNSS receiver and data processing techniques are effective for precise orbit determination of low Earth orbit spacecraft.
  • The results demonstrate the feasibility of using GNSS for high-accuracy orbit determination in space missions.