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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
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Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
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Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

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The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:
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Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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p-Toluenesulfonic Acid-based Deep Eutectic Solvent as Transesterification Catalyst for Biodiesel Production.

Wei Liu1,2, Fang Wang1

  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology.

Journal of Oleo Science
|August 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Acidic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) efficiently catalyze biodiesel production from soybean oil. A p-toluenesulfonic acid-based DES (P-DES) achieved a 98.66% yield, acting as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst and simplifying purification.

Keywords:
biodieseldeep eutectic solventfatty acid methyl esterp-toluenesulfonic acidtransesterification

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Biodiesel production via transesterification is crucial for renewable energy.
  • Traditional catalysts often pose environmental and separation challenges.
  • Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) offer a promising alternative due to their unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of acidic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as catalysts for soybean oil transesterification.
  • To optimize reaction conditions for maximum biodiesel yield using a specific DES.
  • To evaluate the catalyst's reusability and its impact on product purification.

Main Methods:

  • Soybean oil transesterification using methanol catalyzed by a p-toluenesulfonic acid-based DES (P-DES).
  • Optimization of catalyst loading (8% P-DES), methanol-to-oil ratio (8:1), temperature (110°C), and reaction time (2 h).
  • Analysis of biodiesel yield and catalyst separation post-reaction.

Main Results:

  • The P-DES demonstrated high efficiency, achieving a biodiesel yield of 98.66±0.17%.
  • The P-DES functioned as a heterogeneous catalyst, allowing for easy separation and recovery.
  • The catalyst also effectively removed glycerol, simplifying the biodiesel purification process.

Conclusions:

  • Acidic DESs, specifically P-DES, are highly effective and reusable catalysts for biodiesel production.
  • This method offers a cleaner and more efficient route to biodiesel synthesis.
  • The integrated catalyst separation and glycerol removal simplify the overall process.