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Related Concept Videos

Septins01:19

Septins

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Septins are protein filaments forming the cytoskeleton along with the microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and other accessory proteins. In 1971 while studying the cell division cycle in mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Harwell et al. first identified the septin-related genes playing a crucial role in yeast cytokinesis. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that these proteins localize at the budding neck as rings. These ring-like proteins were then named Septins by John Pringle, and...
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Septins are the recently discovered fourth major protein component of the cytoskeleton, along with microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. These proteins can associate with other cytoskeletal filaments and carry out varied roles or can be free-floating in the cytoplasm.
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Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
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Zones of Protection01:16

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In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Septins
01:19

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Chromatin assembly during SV40 DNA replication in vitro.

B Stillman

    Cell
    |May 23, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Human cell extracts enable efficient DNA replication and chromatin assembly. Replicated DNA forms supercoiled chromatin structures via a novel, replication-linked histone assembly mechanism.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Epigenetics
    • DNA Replication Machinery

    Background:

    • Simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication is a model system for studying eukaryotic DNA replication.
    • The assembly of chromatin, the complex of DNA and proteins (histones) that forms chromosomes, is crucial for genome organization and regulation.
    • Understanding the mechanisms of DNA replication and chromatin assembly is fundamental to cell biology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the factors and mechanisms involved in DNA replication and subsequent chromatin assembly in human cells.
    • To determine if DNA replication can be coupled with de novo chromatin assembly.
    • To characterize the structure of newly replicated DNA.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized cytosol and nuclear extracts from human 293 cells.

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  • Employed SV40 origin-containing plasmid DNA and SV40 T antigen for replication assays.
  • Analyzed DNA supercoiling using topoisomerase I resistance assays.
  • Characterized DNA-protein complexes via micrococcal nuclease digestion, sucrose gradient sedimentation, and electron microscopy.

    • Main Results:

    • Human cell extracts efficiently supported SV40 DNA replication in the presence of T antigen.
    • Nuclear extracts promoted negative supercoiling specifically in replicated DNA.
    • The degree of supercoiling was dependent on T antigen concentration, nuclear extract factors, and timing of addition.
    • Replicated DNA, assembled into chromatin structures, resisted relaxation by topoisomerase I.
    • Evidence suggests de novo assembly of core histones on both sides of the replication fork.

    Conclusions:

    • DNA replication in human cell extracts can be coupled with the active, replication-linked assembly of chromatin.
    • This process does not rely on a template of pre-existing nucleosomes, indicating a novel mechanism for histone deposition.
    • The findings provide insights into the dynamic nature of chromatin formation during DNA replication.