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Self Within Cultural Contexts01:30

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Cultural frameworks for understanding the self are often categorized into two broad orientations: individualism and collectivism. These paradigms influence how people define themselves, relate to others, and interpret their social worlds. Each orientation offers distinct perspectives on autonomy, responsibility, and the role of the individual within a community.Individualistic CulturesIn individualistic cultures like North America and Western Europe, identity is understood as autonomous and...
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants
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Minimizing Context Dependency of Gene Networks Using Artificial Cells.

Yunfeng Ding1, Luis E Contreras-Llano1, Eliza Morris1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Davis , Davis 95616 , California , United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|August 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Synthetic biology

Keywords:
antimicrobialartificial cellsbiomimeticsmolecular crowdingquorum sensingrobustnesssynthetic gene circuits

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Biomolecular engineering
  • Chemical biology

Background:

  • Synthetic gene circuits' function is highly sensitive to their surrounding chemical environment.
  • This context-dependence, due to complex crosstalk, poses a challenge in synthetic biology.
  • Achieving predictable circuit behavior requires overcoming this sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer synthetic gene networks with minimized dependence on extracellular chemical context.
  • To develop robust synthetic biological systems using bioinspired mechanisms.
  • To demonstrate the utility of artificial cells for controlling gene circuit function.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of artificial cells using liposomes to encapsulate synthetic gene networks.
  • Engineering bottom-up synthetic biomolecular compartments.
  • Testing artificial cells in simulated environments with varying chemical complexity.

Main Results:

  • Artificial cells significantly minimize the sensitivity of synthetic gene networks to extracellular chemical contexts.
  • Encapsulated gene networks within artificial cells exhibit robust and predictable functions.
  • Artificial cells demonstrated the ability to detect, interact with, and kill bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial cells provide a viable strategy to decouple synthetic gene networks from their external chemical environment.
  • This approach enhances the robustness and reliability of synthetic gene circuits.
  • The study opens new avenues for controlling synthetic biological systems through bioinspired compartmentalization.