Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

56.1K
According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
56.1K
Multiple Comparison Tests01:13

Multiple Comparison Tests

4.5K
Multiple comparison test, abbreviated as MCT, is a post hoc analysis generally performed after comparing multiple samples with one or more tests. An MCT will help identify a significantly different sample among multiple samples or a factor among multiple factors.
It would be easy to compare two samples using a significance alpha level of 0.05. In other words, there is only one sample pair to be compared. However, it would be difficult to identify a significantly different sample if the number...
4.5K
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

7.0K
Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
7.0K
Comparison Between Electrical And Gravitational Forces01:24

Comparison Between Electrical And Gravitational Forces

4.1K
There are four fundamental forces in nature: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. To compare the numerical strengths of the first two, take two particles of the same kind. Since electrons are fundamental particles, they are a good example.
Since both are inverse square law forces, the distance gets canceled when the ratio of the two forces is considered. Instead, the ratio of the electrical and gravitational forces depends on...
4.1K
Comparison between RL and RC circuits01:24

Comparison between RL and RC circuits

6.1K
An RC circuit consists of resistance and capacitance, while in an RL circuit, capacitance is replaced by an inductor. RL and RC circuits are first-order differential circuits that store energy. An RC circuit stores energy in the electric field, while an RL circuit stores energy in the magnetic field. When connected to a battery, an RC circuit charges the capacitor, causing the current to decrease from maximum to zero upon being fully charged. This increases the voltage across the capacitor from...
6.1K
Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

55.3K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
55.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effectiveness and safety of repeat dose subcutaneous ketamine for treatment-resistant depression, and the impact of prior ketamine treatment: open label extension of the KADS study.

The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science·2026
Same author

Suicidal Ideation Effectiveness and Safety Outcomes from the Ketamine for Adult Depression Study (KADS).

Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research·2026
Same author

Effect of ketamine on anxiety: findings from the Ketamine for Adult Depression Study - RETRACTION.

The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science·2026
Same author

A Global Delphi-Based Expert Consensus on Relapse Prevention Strategies Following Successful Electroconvulsive Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder.

The American journal of psychiatry·2026
Same author

Differential effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on depression symptom clusters.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same author

Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017-2025: An update) - endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN).

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
08:50

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: August 20, 2019

15.1K

Comparison of Site Localization Techniques for Brain Stimulation.

Stevan Nikolin, Olav DʼSouza1, Vedran Vulovic

  • 1Consultation Liaison Advanced Trainee RANZCP.

The Journal of ECT
|August 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The Beam F3 and EEG cap methods for localizing the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) showed similar reliability, with minor anterior-posterior differences. Measurer experience did not impact results, indicating both methods are suitable for clinical use.

More Related Videos

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
08:23

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Published on: November 13, 2016

11.8K
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course
11:33

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Published on: July 18, 2014

44.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
08:50

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: August 20, 2019

15.1K
A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
08:23

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Published on: November 13, 2016

11.8K
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course
11:33

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Published on: July 18, 2014

44.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Brain Stimulation Techniques
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a key target for noninvasive brain stimulation.
  • Localization often uses the International 10-20 electroencephalography (EEG) system (e.g., EEG caps) or the Beam F3 algorithm.
  • Previous validation against MRI exists, but direct in vivo comparison of these methods is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the in vivo reliability of the Beam F3 algorithm and EEG cap methods for DLPFC localization.
  • To investigate the influence of measurer experience and subject head characteristics on localization accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Five measurers of varying experience localized the left DLPFC on six subjects with diverse head sizes using both Beam F3 and EEG cap methods.
  • Placements were recorded by an independent assessor and normalized to head measurements.
  • Data were analyzed using a mixed effects repeated measures analysis.

Main Results:

  • The Beam F3 method yielded significantly more anterior placements (~11.5 mm) than the EEG cap method.
  • Smaller head sizes were associated with more anterior placements, irrespective of the localization method.
  • No significant differences were observed between methods in the medial-lateral plane; measurer experience did not significantly affect localization.

Conclusions:

  • Beam F3 and EEG cap methods provide comparable DLPFC localization, with a slight anterior-posterior discrepancy.
  • Measurer experience is not a significant factor, suggesting brief training (2 weeks) ensures competency.
  • Neither method presents substantial barriers to clinical application; however, adjustments may be needed for individuals with smaller head sizes.