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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
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The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

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Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
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Atomic Orbitals02:44

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Accurate effective atomic number determination with polychromatic grating-based phase-contrast computed tomography.

Lorenz Birnbacher, Marian Willner, Mathias Marschner

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    This study presents a method to calculate effective atomic numbers using polychromatic grating-based phase-contrast computed tomography (GBPC-CT). This advancement enables accurate material characterization in quantitative medical imaging.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Imaging
    • X-ray Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Quantitative medical imaging demand is rising with digitalization.
    • Conventional computed tomography (CT) has energy-dependent limitations.
    • Dual-energy CT (DECT) provides absolute contrast quantities but grating-based phase-contrast computed tomography (GBPC-CT) faces challenges with polychromatic setups.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a method for calculating effective atomic numbers using a polychromatic GBPC-CT setup.
    • To investigate the accuracy of attenuation coefficients and electron density measurements.
    • To enable independent determination of electron density and effective atomic number.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a polychromatic laboratory GBPC-CT setup (35-50 kVp).
    • Performed calibration using effective energy concept for attenuation coefficients and electron densities.
    • Calculated the ratio of experimentally determined electron density and attenuation coefficient.
    • Compared this ratio with literature total attenuation cross sections to determine effective atomic numbers.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully calibrated attenuation coefficients and electron densities.
    • Developed a method to determine effective atomic numbers from polychromatic GBPC-CT data.
    • Achieved calculation of two absolute physical quantities: electron density and effective atomic number.

    Conclusions:

    • The presented method allows for the calculation of effective atomic numbers using polychromatic GBPC-CT.
    • The determined quantities (electron density, effective atomic number) are independent of specific experimental conditions.
    • This technique enhances quantitative analysis in medical imaging and radiation therapy.