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Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution01:25

Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution

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The volume of distribution refers to the theoretical volume necessary to contain the entire amount of an administered drug at the same concentration observed in the blood plasma. The body's intracellular fluid compartment, which makes up two-thirds of the total body water, is contrasted with the extracellular fluid compartment—comprising plasma and interstitial fluid—that accounts for one-third. The volume of distribution can vary depending on the characteristics of the drug.
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The F distribution was named after Sir Ronald Fisher, an English statistician. The F statistic is a ratio (a fraction) with two sets of degrees of freedom; one for the numerator and one for the denominator. The F distribution is derived from the Student's t distribution. The values of the F distribution are squares of the corresponding values of the t distribution. One-Way ANOVA expands the t test for comparing more than two groups. The scope of that derivation is beyond the level of this...
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Distributed loads are a common type of load that engineers and scientists encounter in various practical situations. Distributed loads often refer to a type of load spread over a surface or a structure and can be modeled as continuous force per unit area.
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements
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Pump distribution effect in dual-wavelength Raman-erbium random distributed feedback fiber laser.

N H Zainol Abidin, M H Abu Bakar, N Tamchek

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    |August 18, 2018
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    Researchers developed a dual-wavelength fiber laser using Raman-erbium gain, achieving stable outputs at 1568 nm and 1595 nm without reflectors. This innovation is ideal for long-distance dual laser applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Laser Technology
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Fiber lasers are crucial for various applications, but achieving stable, dual-wavelength output often requires complex configurations.
    • Random distributed feedback (RDF) lasers offer a reflectorless approach, simplifying laser design.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a simple dual-wavelength random distributed feedback fiber laser.
    • To achieve stable and broadly spaced dual-wavelength output using a hybrid gain medium.
    • To explore the potential for long-distance dual laser applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Excitation of a Raman-erbium hybrid gain medium using a single pump source.
    • Implementation of a long cavity design for random distributed feedback.
    • Utilizing pump power distribution and seeded feedback for output optimization.

    Main Results:

    • Generation of dual lasing wavelengths at 1568 nm and 1595 nm.
    • Achieved a maximum optical-to-signal noise ratio (OSNR) of 48.48 dBm.
    • Reduced peak power disparity between wavelengths to 0.16 dB through enhancements.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed fiber laser provides a simple, efficient, and stable dual-wavelength output.
    • The balanced and broadly spaced dual-wavelength emission shows significant potential for long-distance dual laser applications.
    • This reflectorless fiber laser design simplifies fabrication and enhances applicability in advanced optical systems.