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Vapor Pressure

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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer02:57

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Gas pressure is caused by force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the surfaces of objects. Although the force of each collision is very small, any surface of an appreciable area experiences a large number of collisions in a short time, which can result in high pressure.
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Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...
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Blood plasma is a fluid that contains approximately 92% water and 8% solutes. The solutes include various types of proteins, which constitute about 7% of the total solutes in the plasma. The high-molecular-weight proteins—albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen—are essential to plasma function. Albumins, making up about 60% of the plasma proteins, maintain the osmotic balance within blood vessels by preventing excessive water leakage. Additionally, albumins serve as carrier proteins,...
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Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
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Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses
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Laser-induced plasma imaging for low-pressure detection.

H Yuan, Igor B Gornushkin, Ardian B Gojani

    Optics Express
    |August 18, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new laser-induced plasma imaging method accurately measures residual pressure in sealed containers. This technique analyzes plasma plume characteristics for gauge-free pressure detection in transparent-walled devices.

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Materials Science
    • Analytical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Residual pressure measurement is critical for sealed systems like high-voltage vacuum interrupters.
    • Current methods may require direct contact or invasive procedures.
    • A non-contact, gauge-free method is desirable for efficient and safe pressure monitoring.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce and validate a novel technique for measuring residual pressure in sealed containers using laser-induced plasma imaging.
    • To demonstrate the feasibility of this method across a wide pressure range (10⁻² Pa to 10⁵ Pa).
    • To establish the accuracy and repeatability of the proposed pressure measurement approach.

    Main Methods:

    • Laser-induced plasma (LIP) was generated on a copper target within sealed containers at various pressures.

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  • Plasma plume images were captured at different delay times (200-800 ns).
  • A subsection characteristic method analyzed plasma shape, intensity, and expansion dynamics to determine pressure.

    • Main Results:

    • Plasma plume characteristics (shape, intensity, expansion) were found to be significantly dependent on ambient gas pressure.
    • The subsection characteristic method successfully extracted pressure values from plasma images.
    • The technique demonstrated good repeatability across all tested pressures and delay times.

    Conclusions:

    • Laser-induced plasma imaging is a viable and promising technique for gauge-free residual pressure detection.
    • The developed method offers an accuracy within 15% of nominal values over a broad pressure range.
    • This approach provides a non-invasive solution for pressure monitoring in transparent-walled sealed containers.