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Related Concept Videos

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

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Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish
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Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish

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Alcoholic liver disease.

Helmut K Seitz1, Ramon Bataller2, Helena Cortez-Pinto3

  • 1Centre of Alcohol Research (CAR),, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg and Department of Medicine, Salem Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany. helmut_karl.seitz@urz.uni-heidelberg.de.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|August 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) progresses from fatty liver to inflammation and potentially cancer. Alcohol abstinence is the primary treatment, but new therapies are urgently needed for advanced stages.

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Histological Analyses of Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish
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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease globally.
  • ALD encompasses a spectrum from alcoholic fatty liver (AFL) to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer (HCC).
  • Severe ASH can manifest as alcoholic hepatitis, a critical condition with high mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
  • To highlight the progression of ALD and the factors influencing interindividual variability.
  • To emphasize the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ALD pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management.
  • Discussion of diagnostic modalities including imaging, biomarkers, and histology.
  • Analysis of treatment options, emphasizing alcohol abstinence and liver transplantation.

Main Results:

  • ALD pathogenesis involves hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, acetaldehyde toxicity, and inflammation.
  • Diagnosis requires assessment of alcohol consumption and liver disease severity using various methods.
  • Alcohol abstinence is the cornerstone of treatment, with transplantation reserved for end-stage disease.

Conclusions:

  • ALD is a progressive disease with significant interindividual variation in severity.
  • Current treatments are limited, particularly for advanced stages, underscoring the need for new therapies.
  • Multifaceted approaches are required for effective ALD management and treatment development.