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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Correlation of Experimental Data01:23

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Dimensional analysis simplifies complex physical problems and guides experimental investigations, but it does not provide complete solutions. It identifies the dimensionless groups that influence a phenomenon, but experimental data is needed to establish the specific relationships and validate theoretical predictions.
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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Two-Exponential Models of Gene Expression Patterns for Noisy Experimental Data.

Theodore Alexandrov1,2, Nina Golyandina3, David Holloway4

  • 11 Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL , Heidelberg, Germany .

Journal of Computational Biology : a Journal of Computational Molecular Cell Biology
|August 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method to quantify Bicoid (Bcd) mRNA gradients in developing fruit flies. This technique accurately measures Bcd mRNA patterns, aiding understanding of early fly development and gene regulation.

Keywords:
Bicoidbcd mRNA gradientsingular spectrum analysisspatial patterntwo-exponential model

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The Bicoid (Bcd) protein gradient is crucial for establishing the anterior-posterior axis in Drosophila embryos, directing the formation of the fly body plan.
  • Understanding the spatial pattern of Bcd protein requires analyzing the dynamics of its underlying messenger RNA (mRNA) gradient.
  • Accurate quantification of bcd mRNA distribution is essential for studying developmental robustness and gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a robust and accurate technique for quantifying the spatial distribution of bcd mRNA gradients.
  • To develop a method that is invariant to experimental variations and provides biologically relevant parameters.
  • To enable quantitative analysis of bcd mRNA gradient variability and embryo classification.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel quantitative technique for analyzing spatial gradients using a two-exponential model.
  • Application of the method to reconstruct bcd mRNA distribution from embryo imaging data.
  • Validation of the model's invariance to experimental condition variations (e.g., microscope settings, background noise).

Main Results:

  • The two-exponential model provides natural, biologically relevant parameters for gradient quantification.
  • The technique is invariant to linear transformations, ensuring robustness across different experimental conditions.
  • Quantification of bcd mRNA gradient variability between individual embryos was achieved, facilitating studies on developmental network robustness.
  • A method for classifying embryos based on quantitative gradient parameters was established.

Conclusions:

  • The presented technique offers a robust and accurate approach for quantifying bcd mRNA gradients.
  • This method enhances the study of developmental robustness by enabling precise measurement of mRNA distribution variability.
  • The quantitative parameters derived from this technique can be used for developmental stage classification of embryos.