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Related Concept Videos

Sound Intensity00:58

Sound Intensity

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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Sound Intensity Level00:53

Sound Intensity Level

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Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
The human ear can perceive an extensive range of sound intensity, necessitating the use of the logarithmic scale to define a physical quantity—the intensity level. It is a ratio of two intensities and...
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The Wave Nature of Light02:12

The Wave Nature of Light

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The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.
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Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves01:22

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The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a plane electromagnetic wave with E0 and B0 as the peak electric and magnetic fields and traveling along the x-axis, the time-varying energy flux can be given by the following equation:
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Light as Energy01:35

Light as Energy

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The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light— typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
Photons
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

A Behavioral Assay to Measure Responsiveness of Zebrafish to Changes in Light Intensities
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Light intensity and FOV-controlled adaptive fluidic iris.

Chao Liu, Di Wang

    Applied Optics
    |August 18, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed an adaptive fluidic iris that controls light intensity and field of view (FOV). This device uses a liquid crystal cell and hydraulic pressure for adjustable optical attenuation and FOV control in imaging systems.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Traditional irises lack dynamic control over both light intensity and field of view (FOV).
    • Adaptive optical elements are crucial for advanced imaging and sensing applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel adaptive fluidic iris.
    • To enable simultaneous control of light intensity and FOV in optical systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Integration of a 90° twisted-nematic liquid crystal (TNLC) cell with polarizers for light intensity modulation.
    • Utilizing hydraulic pressure to adjust the position of a central black mask, effectively altering the iris aperture and controlling FOV.
    • Applying voltage to the TNLC cell to modify light phase and intensity.

    Main Results:

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    • The device successfully modulated light intensity from 100% down to 0% with a 9V applied voltage.
    • The fluidic system demonstrated adjustable iris positioning, equivalent to changing the iris position along the optical axis.
    • The proposed iris effectively controlled the FOV within an optical system.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed adaptive fluidic iris offers a versatile solution for optical systems.
    • Potential applications include advanced imaging systems and variable optical attenuators.
    • This technology provides a new method for dynamic optical parameter control.