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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Dual Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Progression and Angiogenesis
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ERADicate Tumor Progression with Metformin.

Lena-Sophie Dreher1, Thorsten Hoppe1

  • 1Institute for Genetics and CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.

Molecular Cell
|August 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The anti-diabetic drug metformin promotes endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of programmed death ligand (PD-L1). This process helps reduce tumor growth by clearing defective proteins.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Protein homeostasis
  • Cancer research

Background:

  • Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) is vital for clearing misfolded proteins.
  • Maintaining protein homeostasis is essential for cellular function.
  • Programmed death ligand (PD-L1) is implicated in tumor immune evasion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of metformin on ERAD.
  • To determine if metformin influences PD-L1 levels.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of metformin in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized established ERAD assays.
  • Quantified PD-L1 protein levels.
  • Assessed tumor growth in preclinical models.

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Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

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Main Results:

  • Metformin was found to induce ERAD.
  • Metformin treatment led to decreased PD-L1 levels.
  • Tumor growth was attenuated in metformin-treated groups.

Conclusions:

  • Metformin enhances ERAD of PD-L1.
  • Targeting ERAD with metformin may offer a novel cancer therapy.
  • Further research is warranted to explore clinical applications.