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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures
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Adaptive liquid crystal microlens array enabled by two-photon polymerization.

Ziqian He, Yun-Han Lee, Debashis Chanda

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    This study presents a tunable liquid crystal microlens array fabricated using direct-laser writing. The device allows for dynamic focal length adjustment via applied voltage, enabling adaptive optics applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Optics

    Background:

    • Liquid crystal microlens arrays offer tunable focusing capabilities.
    • Fabrication methods for precise microlens structures are crucial for advanced optical devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate and characterize a tunable-focus liquid crystal microlens array.
    • To explore the potential of direct-laser writing for fabricating such devices.
    • To investigate the adaptive focusing and imaging properties.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a polymerized microlens array using two-photon polymerization based direct-laser writing.
    • Characterization of the microlens array's optical properties.
    • Dynamic tuning of focal length by applied voltage.

    Main Results:

    • Successful fabrication of a tunable-focus liquid crystal microlens array.
    • Demonstration of dynamic focal length tuning via applied voltage.
    • Investigation of focusing and imaging capabilities, showing feasibility of forming curvilinear surfaces with liquid-crystal alignment.

    Conclusions:

    • Direct-laser writing is a powerful method for fabricating tunable photonic devices, including adaptive microlenses.
    • The demonstrated liquid crystal microlens array exhibits dynamic tunability and adaptive imaging capabilities.
    • This technology holds promise for various tunable optical applications.