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    This study optimizes Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) using coded pulses. It identifies key factors affecting performance and proposes solutions for distortion-free, high-signal-to-noise ratio sensing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Optical Sensing Technologies
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) is a powerful technique for distributed strain and temperature sensing.
    • System performance is often limited by factors such as decoded-gain trace distortion, pulse power non-uniformity, polarization pulling, and higher-order non-local effects.
    • Optimizing coded BOTDA systems is crucial for achieving high-accuracy and high-SNR measurements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the performance of unipolar unicolor coded BOTDA using Simplex and Golay codes.
    • To investigate and address major detrimental factors limiting system performance.
    • To establish optimal design conditions for distortion-free BOTDA with maximum SNR.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis and experimental validation of coded BOTDA systems.
    • Development of a logarithmic normalization approach to correct for Brillouin amplification distortion.
    • Comparative analysis of Simplex and Golay codes regarding pulse power non-uniformity.
    • Evaluation of polarization scramblers versus polarization switches for mitigating polarization pulling.

    Main Results:

    • A logarithmic normalization method effectively resolves linear accumulated Brillouin amplification distortion.
    • Simplex codes demonstrate greater robustness to pulse power non-uniformity than Golay codes.
    • Polarization scramblers are superior to polarization switches for mitigating polarization pulling-induced fading.
    • Optimal conditions were established, leaving higher-order non-local effects as the primary performance limitation.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimal design conditions for unipolar unicolor coded BOTDA systems have been clearly established.
    • A mathematical model facilitates trade-offs between key parameters (amplification, code length, probe power) for systematic errors below 1.3 MHz and maximum SNR.
    • Optimal SNR is inversely proportional to maximum single-pulse Brillouin amplification, which is linked to spatial resolution.
    • The presented analysis provides a quantitative guideline for designing distortion-free coded BOTDA systems at maximum SNR.