Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 6, 2026
07:25
A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
Published on: March 6, 2018
13.9K
Managing Nonmetastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
Joaquin Mateo1, Karim Fizazi2, Silke Gillessen3
1Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
European Urology
|August 19, 2018
Summary
Management of nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) is evolving. Current treatments like enzalutamide and apalutamide improve metastasis-free survival for select nmCRPC patients, with new diagnostics on the horizon.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Urology
Background:
- Nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) is defined by rising PSA and castrate testosterone levels without distant metastases on conventional imaging.
- The nmCRPC landscape is rapidly evolving due to new drug approvals and developing therapeutics and imaging modalities.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current nmCRPC management strategies.
- To identify opportunities for enhancing patient care in nmCRPC.
Main Methods:
- Literature search up to July 2018, including clinical trials and major clinical practice guidelines.
- Keywords: prostate cancer, nonmetastatic, castration resistance, rising PSA, biochemical relapse.
Main Results:
- Treatment decisions for nmCRPC are guided by PSA kinetics and symptoms.
- Enzalutamide and apalutamide demonstrated significant improvements in metastasis-free survival in nmCRPC patients with PSA doubling time ≤10 months.
- Emerging imaging techniques and biomarker assays are expected to refine nmCRPC assessment.
Conclusions:
- nmCRPC is heterogeneous; observation may suit some, while enzalutamide/apalutamide are options for those with PSA doubling time ≤10 months.
- Advanced imaging and circulating tumor biomarkers will likely redefine nmCRPC assessment and management.
Related Concept Videos
02:56Treatment Resistant Cancers
3.8K
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
3.8K
01:22Resistivity
4.6K
When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
4.6K
01:19Resistance
6.0K
When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
6.0K
01:16Equivalent Resistance
987
In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
987
01:25Resistance and Conductance
518
A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...
518
01:21Rolling Resistance
669
When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...
669