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Visual Processing by Calretinin Expressing Inhibitory Neurons in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex.

Daniela Camillo1, Mehran Ahmadlou1, M Hadi Saiepour2

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Calretinin (CR) neurons in the mouse visual cortex are less selective to stimuli and less suppressed by surrounding stimuli than other neurons. Unlike in other species, CR neuron activation causes net cortical inhibition, not disinhibition.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cortical circuits
  • GABAergic neurotransmission

Background:

  • GABAergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex are diverse and categorized by morphology, physiology, gene expression, and connectivity.
  • Many interneuron classes are conserved across species, implying specific functional roles in cortical processing, though these roles remain largely unknown.
  • Calretinin (CR)-expressing interneurons form the largest group in the upper layers of mouse primary visual cortex (V1) and include subsets of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SOM) interneurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vivo functional properties of calretinin (CR) interneurons in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1).
  • To compare the stimulus selectivity and surround suppression of CR neurons with the overall neuronal population and other major interneuron types (parvalbumin, SOM, VIP).
  • To determine the net effect of CR interneuron activation on cortical activity in mice.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo two-photon calcium imaging in mice to record neuronal activity.
  • Optogenetic stimulation to activate CR interneurons.
  • Analysis of stimulus orientation selectivity and surround suppression.
  • Comparison of functional properties across different interneuron populations.

Main Results:

  • CR neurons exhibit sensitivity to stimulus orientation but are less selective on average than the overall neuronal population.
  • CR neuron responses are suppressed by surrounding stimuli, but to a lesser extent than the overall population.
  • In vivo optogenetic activation of CR neurons in mice results in net cortical inhibition, contrasting with suggested disinhibitory roles in rats and primates.
  • The average functional properties of CR interneurons are distinct from those of parvalbumin, SOM, and VIP interneuron populations.

Conclusions:

  • CR interneurons in mouse V1 possess distinct functional properties compared to other major interneuron classes.
  • CR neurons play a role in modulating stimulus selectivity and surround suppression within the cortical circuit.
  • The net effect of CR interneuron activation in mice is inhibitory, differing from findings in other species, highlighting species-specific roles of interneuron populations.