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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Motor Units00:46

Motor Units

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A motor unit consists of two main components: a single efferent motor neuron (i.e., a neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibers, which are single cells, but only one motor neuron innervates a single muscle fiber.
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Motor Units01:13

Motor Units

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The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
Motor units come in different sizes, with smaller units...
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Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs)01:42

Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs)

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Microtubule function and architecture are regulated by an array of specialized proteins called microtubule-associated proteins or MAPs. These proteins are widespread across different organisms and have conserved protein motifs, like the multi-TOG domain for tubulin binding found in the CLASP family of MAPs. Some MAPs are lineage-specific based on their conserved domains. Their functions depend upon the cytoskeletal architecture and cell type they are located within. In-plant cells, a specific...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain
08:26

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

Published on: July 1, 2019

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Robotic TMS mapping of motor cortex in the developing brain.

J G Grab1, E Zewdie1, H L Carlson1

  • 1Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada.

Journal of Neuroscience Methods
|August 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a robotic transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) system for efficient and precise motor cortex mapping in children. The novel method improves accuracy and tolerability compared to traditional techniques, showing feasibility in pediatric populations.

Keywords:
Brain mappingPediatricsRoboticsTranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Laser-Induced Brain Injury in the Motor Cortex of Rats
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Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain
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Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

Published on: July 1, 2019

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Laser-Induced Brain Injury in the Motor Cortex of Rats
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Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Technology
  • Pediatric Neurology

Background:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to map the human motor cortex for neurophysiology research.
  • Human error in manual TMS can lead to inconsistent results.
  • A pediatric population presents unique challenges for accurate motor mapping.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient and reproducible robotic TMS protocol for characterizing pediatric cortical motor maps.
  • To assess the safety and tolerability of robotic TMS in children.
  • To compare the precision and efficiency of robotic TMS with traditional manual methods.

Main Methods:

  • 12 typically developing children underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for brain reconstruction.
  • A robotic TMS system automatically aligned the coil to target sites with real-time motion correction.
  • Motor maps of four forelimb muscles were derived bilaterally using a 10x10 grid of single-pulse TMS.

Main Results:

  • The robotic TMS procedures were well tolerated with no adverse events.
  • Average mapping time was 14.25 minutes per hemisphere.
  • High-fidelity motor maps were derived with improved efficiency and precision.

Conclusions:

  • Robotic TMS offers a more efficient, tolerable, and precise method for motor mapping compared to manual techniques.
  • This technology opens new possibilities for studying motor neurophysiology, developmental plasticity, and neuromodulation in pediatrics.
  • Robotic TMS motor mapping is feasible and effective in young participants.