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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus01:15

Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

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Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
Near the gonadal ridges, two duct systems are present: the mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) and paramesonephric ducts (Müllerian ducts). These ducts form the basis for the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Cerebral Diffusivity Changes in Fetuses with Chiari II Malformation.

Shai Shrot1,2, Bruno P Soares3, Matthew T Whitehead4

  • 1Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel, shaishrot@gmail.com.

Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
|August 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) reveals microstructural brain changes in fetuses with Chiari II malformation. Lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values indicate abnormalities in the frontal and temporal lobes.

Keywords:
BrainColor Doppler ultrasonographyMagnetic resonance imagingMyelomeningocele

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Fetal Medicine
  • Congenital Abnormalities

Background:

  • Chiari II malformation involves hindbrain displacement due to a small posterior fossa.
  • Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) quantifies brain injury and maturation.
  • Evaluating fetal brain development in Chiari II malformation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess DWI parameters in the infra- and supratentorial brain of fetuses with Chiari II malformation.
  • To correlate DWI findings with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele severity.
  • To investigate cerebral blood flow impedance parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of MRI and US in 26 fetuses with Chiari II malformation and 15 controls.
  • Evaluation of hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele level, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values.
  • Assessment of fetal US-derived cerebral flow impedance parameters (RI, PI).

Main Results:

  • Lower ADC values were observed in the frontal and temporal lobes of fetuses with Chiari II malformation compared to controls.
  • These ADC changes were independent of hydrocephalus presence or severity.
  • Fetuses with Chiari II malformation exhibited significantly lower resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) values.

Conclusions:

  • Abnormal ADC values suggest supratentorial microstructural alterations in fetuses with Chiari II malformation.
  • DWI metrics may aid in evaluating abnormal brain development and parenchymal damage.
  • Further research is needed on diffusion imaging for fetal surgery efficacy.