Response surface methodology applied to tropical freshwater treatment

This paper presents the profits and disadvantages of the chemometrics approach instead of the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) coagulation diagram approach for tropical water physicochemical treatment. Central composite design associate to response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) is used to find the real best conditions for coagulant dosage and pH aiming at high-turbidity removal. The number of experiments needed to chemometrics model construction (12) is comparatively smaller than that used in the coagulation diagram (84), saving financial and environmental resources. Arguments for Water Treatment Plants (WTP) considering the replacement of coagulation diagram approach by the CCD-RSM approach in drinking water treatment are presented. Chemometrics models are all constructed on a free software platform, providing the best pH within the range 7.7-8.1, and the best coagulant dosage (polyaluminium chloride, PAC) between 2.0 and 3.1 mg Al₂O₃ L^-1 (equivalent in mass). CCD-RSM provides a faster, lower-cost and more reliable alternative tool for WTP decision-making instead of the OFAT model, mainly for waters more affected by seasonal effects as can be seen in tropical and subtropical countries.