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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Gray Matter Volume and Cognitive Performance During Normal Aging. A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study.

Stephen Ramanoël1, Elena Hoyau2, Louise Kauffmann2,3

  • 1INSERM/CNRS, Institut Vision, Sorbonne University, Pierre and Marie Curie Universities (UPMC) Paris 06, Paris, France.

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
|August 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults show reduced gray matter volume in brain regions linked to language and executive functions compared to middle-aged adults. This age-related gray matter decline impacts cognitive performance.

Keywords:
MRIVBMagingbraincognitivegray matter

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Aging
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Normal aging is associated with cognitive decline and gray matter (GM) atrophy.
  • Understanding age-related structural brain changes is crucial for cognitive health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare GM volume differences between middle-aged adults (MAG) and older adults (OG).
  • To investigate the relationship between GM volume differences and cognitive performance in aging.

Main Methods:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) were used to analyze GM volume.
  • Two optimized VBM pipelines were applied to cortical and cerebellar regions.
  • Participants completed cognitive tests assessing domain-general and language-specific functions.

Main Results:

  • Older adults (OG) exhibited smaller bilateral GM volume than middle-aged adults (MAG) in cerebral and cerebellar regions.
  • Specifically, reduced GM volume was observed in the right cerebellum of OG compared to MAG.
  • These GM differences correlated with cognitive performance in language and executive functions.

Conclusions:

  • Aging leads to significant GM volume reduction in both cerebral and cerebellar areas.
  • The cerebellum plays a complex role in cognitive functions, including language and executive processes.
  • These findings contribute to understanding the neurobiological basis of cognitive aging.