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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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SCA2 presenting as a focal dystonia.

Nan Cheng1, Heather M Wied2, James J Gaul3

  • 11Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.

Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders
|August 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2), a neurodegenerative disorder, can rarely present with focal dystonia as the primary symptom, even with mild cerebellar signs. Deep brain stimulation in the GPi showed marked improvement in this case.

Area of Science:

  • Neurogenetics
  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder linked to CAG repeat expansions in the ATXN2 gene.
Keywords:
Deep brain stimulationDystoniaSCA2Spinocerebellar Ataxia 2

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  • Typical SCA2 symptoms include adult-onset gait ataxia, dysarthria, and peripheral neuropathy, with dystonia usually appearing later in the disease course.