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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications
Published on: February 6, 2016
Biocompatibility and toxicity of graphene quantum dots for potential application in photodynamic therapy
Tanveer A Tabish1, Chris J Scotton2, Daniel CJ Ferguson2
1Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics & Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QF UK.
Aim:
Achieving reliably high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) remains challenging. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) hold great promise for PDT. However, the photochemical processes leading to GQD-derived ROS generation have not yet been fully elucidated.
Materials & Methods:
Physicochemical characteristics of GQDs were comprehensively investigated, including electron paramagnetic resonance analysis of singlet oxygen production. Dark toxicity was assessed in vitro and in vivo.
Results:
GQDs demonstrated excellent photoluminescent features, corrosion resistance, high water solubility, high photo/pH-stability, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility and very efficient singlet oxygen/ROS generation.
Conclusion:
The enhanced ROS generation, combined with good biocompatibility and minimal toxicity in vitro and in vivo support the potential of GQDs for future PDT application.
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