Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

7.7K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
7.7K
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

5.6K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
5.6K
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

7.9K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
7.9K
Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

4.4K
The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
4.4K
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

3.7K
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
3.7K
Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

6.0K
Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
6.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Is Associated With Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy but Not Pan-Retinal Photocoagulation.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2025
Same author

Traumatic rupture of the inferior rectus muscle: case report and review of the literature.

Digital journal of ophthalmology : DJO·2023
Same author

Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Training in Virtual Reality: A Feasibility Study.

Pediatric physical therapy : the official publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association·2022
Same author

Epigenetic Regulation of Optic Nerve Development, Protection, and Repair.

International journal of molecular sciences·2022
Same author

Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome With COVID-19: A Case Series.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2022
Same author

Juxtapapillary Choroidal Neovascular Membrane as a Complication of Optic Disc Drusen: Multimodal Imaging With Swept Source-Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

2.5K

Thyroid eye disease: what is new to know?

Zhen Li1, Dean M Cestari2, Elizabeth Fortin2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
|August 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid eye disease (TED) management is advancing with new insights into risk factors like smoking and selenium. Emerging therapies, including immunomodulators and brachytherapy, show promise for treating this orbital inflammatory disorder.

More Related Videos

A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery
04:42

A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery

Published on: February 17, 2023

1.8K
Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

2.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

2.5K
A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery
04:42

A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery

Published on: February 17, 2023

1.8K
Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

2.3K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit.
  • The precise pathophysiology of TED remains incompletely understood.
  • Recent discoveries offer new perspectives on TED mechanisms and potential targeted treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current clinical findings in TED.
  • To explore recent advances in understanding TED risk factors.
  • To discuss emerging therapeutic options for TED.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on TED pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments.
  • Analysis of molecular findings and genetic insights.
  • Evaluation of clinical trial data for novel therapies.

Main Results:

  • Smoking cessation positively impacts gene expression related to TED pathways.
  • Selenium deficiency and high cholesterol are potential independent risk factors.
  • Immunomodulatory drugs and P brachytherapy show promise but require further study.

Conclusions:

  • New genetic findings and risk factors may elucidate TED occurrence and guide therapy.
  • Immunosuppressants are increasingly used, but efficacy needs confirmation.
  • Targeted therapies are emerging for TED management.