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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

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In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
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After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure that pyruvate can enter the next metabolic pathway so that energy stored in the pyruvate molecules can be harnessed by the cells.
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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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Facile silane functionalization of graphene oxide.

Syeda S Abbas1, Gregory J Rees, Nicole L Kelly

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Summary

Vinyltrimethoxysilane functionalization of graphene oxide created VTMOS-rGO nanospheres. This enhanced material exhibits improved thermal stability and electrical conductivity, preventing graphene oxide agglomeration.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene oxide (GO) presents challenges in exfoliation and stability due to agglomeration.
  • Functionalization of GO is crucial for tailoring its properties for advanced applications.
  • Developing scalable methods for GO modification is an ongoing research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve facile silane functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) using vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMOS).
  • To create VTMOS-reduced graphene oxide (VTMOS-rGO) nanospheres within the inter-layer spacing of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets.
  • To investigate the structural, thermal, and electrical properties of the functionalized material.

Main Methods:

  • Acid-base reaction in aqueous media for silane grafting.
  • Characterization using FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, XRD, and NMR.
  • Morphological analysis via SEM, HRTEM, and TEM-HAADF.
  • Thermal analysis using TGA/DTA.

Main Results:

  • Successful grafting of VTMOS onto rGO confirmed by spectroscopic techniques.
  • Formation of silane-graphene nanospheres within the rGO inter-layer spacing, increasing spacing by 10 Å.
  • Enhanced thermal stability of VTMOS-rGO, with degradation occurring 300 °C higher than GO or VTMOS alone.
  • Significant improvement in electrical conductivity of GO to 105 S m-1 due to VTMOS-rGO formation and induced sp2 hybridization.

Conclusions:

  • Facile silane functionalization yields VTMOS-rGO nanospheres with improved properties.
  • The nanosphere structure aids rGO exfoliation and prevents agglomeration.
  • VTMOS-rGO demonstrates superior thermal stability and enhanced electrical conductivity compared to pristine GO.