Gender and access to professorships in academic medical settings in France

Previous studies, mainly originating from North America, suggest that women are less likely than men to obtain professorships in academic medical settings. However, research providing a comprehensive picture of such gender disparities in other national contexts and addressing associated contextual factors is lacking.

Our objectives were to assess gender differences in access to professorships in academic medical settings in France, to determine their evolution across regions and medical specialties and over time, and to identify the factors associated with the likelihood of a professor being a woman.

We carried out a national administrative cohort study of all new professors appointed during 1989-2015 in all medical specialties in the whole of France. We first conducted a descriptive analysis of the percentage of professorships awarded to women and its variations by time, region and specialty. We then ran a logistic regression model to determine factors significantly associated with the likelihood of a professor being a woman.

Between 1989 and 2015, 3950 professors were appointed, of whom fewer than one in five were women. Female professors consistently represented a minority in all French regions and specialties over the study period. Although a small increase was observed over the years, women never represented more than 29% of newly appointed professors. After adjustments for other factors, the likelihood of a professor being a woman was significantly higher in specialties with a higher percentage of women among hospital practitioners, in regions with higher numbers of appointed professors and in recent years.

Gender inequalities in career evolution exist in academic medical settings in France and have continued over time despite moderate improvements. Increased awareness based on scientific evidence is a first step towards reducing such inequalities.