Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

52.5K
Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
52.5K
Peptide Bonds02:43

Peptide Bonds

83.2K
A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
83.2K
Bond Energies and Bond Lengths02:49

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

31.5K
Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.
31.5K
Covalent Bonds01:29

Covalent Bonds

163.1K
Overview
163.1K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.2K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.2K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

131.1K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
131.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structure-property relations in rheology of cellulose nanofibrils-based hydrogels.

Journal of colloid and interface science·2024
Same author

Lifetime Predictions for High-Density Polyethylene under Creep: Experiments and Modeling.

Polymers·2023
Same author

Swelling of Thermo-Responsive Gels in Aqueous Solutions of Salts: A Predictive Model.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2022
Same author

The effect of saccharides on equilibrium swelling of thermo-responsive gels.

RSC advances·2022
Same author

Equilibrium swelling of thermo-responsive copolymer microgels.

RSC advances·2022
Same author

Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Poly(ether ether ketone): Experiments and Modeling.

Polymers·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Visualizing Methane-Cycling Microbial Dynamics in Coastal Wetlands
07:26

Visualizing Methane-Cycling Microbial Dynamics in Coastal Wetlands

Published on: January 31, 2025

893

Double-network gels with dynamic bonds under multi-cycle deformation.

A D Drozdov1, J deClaville Christiansen1

  • 1Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 16, Aalborg 9220, Denmark.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|August 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study models the mechanical behavior of double-network (DN) gels for cartilage repair. The model accurately predicts gel responses under cyclic loading, aiding scaffold development.

Keywords:
Cyclic deformationDouble-network gelDynamic bondsFatigueMullins effect

More Related Videos

Tuning the Contractility and Deformation Modes of Active Actin-Based Assemblies In Vitro: From Two-Dimensional Active Networks to Liquid Crystal Drops
06:48

Tuning the Contractility and Deformation Modes of Active Actin-Based Assemblies In Vitro: From Two-Dimensional Active Networks to Liquid Crystal Drops

Published on: July 11, 2025

918
Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in PolyS-Divinylbenzene
09:16

Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in PolyS-Divinylbenzene

Published on: May 20, 2019

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Visualizing Methane-Cycling Microbial Dynamics in Coastal Wetlands
07:26

Visualizing Methane-Cycling Microbial Dynamics in Coastal Wetlands

Published on: January 31, 2025

893
Tuning the Contractility and Deformation Modes of Active Actin-Based Assemblies In Vitro: From Two-Dimensional Active Networks to Liquid Crystal Drops
06:48

Tuning the Contractility and Deformation Modes of Active Actin-Based Assemblies In Vitro: From Two-Dimensional Active Networks to Liquid Crystal Drops

Published on: July 11, 2025

918
Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in PolyS-Divinylbenzene
09:16

Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in PolyS-Divinylbenzene

Published on: May 20, 2019

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Double-network (DN) gels with dynamic bonds are promising for cartilage repair and as stem cell scaffolds.
  • Understanding their mechanical behavior under cyclic loading is crucial for implant applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a constitutive model for the viscoelastic and viscoplastic responses of DN gels under cyclic deformation.
  • To analyze the influence of different junction types (covalent, non-covalent, physical) on mechanical behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a constitutive model incorporating viscoelastic (junction breakage/reformation) and viscoplastic (junction sliding) components.
  • Fitted model parameters using tensile loading-unloading and multi-cycle tests on DN gels with hydrogen bonds and ionic complexation.
  • Performed numerical analysis to validate the model and simulate complex deformation programs.

Main Results:

  • The model accurately describes the observed mechanical behavior of DN gels under various cyclic loading conditions.
  • The model successfully predicts gel responses in sophisticated multi-cycle deformation tests.
  • Simulations revealed quantitative and qualitative effects of metal-coordination bonds on supramolecular gel mechanics.

Conclusions:

  • The developed constitutive model effectively captures the complex mechanical responses of DN gels.
  • This model is valuable for designing and predicting the performance of DN gel-based implants and scaffolds.
  • The study provides insights into the role of junction dynamics in the mechanical integrity of biomaterials.