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Related Concept Videos

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Antimicrobial Effectiveness

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Application of the Intelligent High-Throughput Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing/Phage Screening System and Lar Index of Antimicrobial Resistance
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Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment.

Hassan Waseem1, Maggie R Williams, Sana Jameel

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.

Water Environment Research : a Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes are increasingly found in aquatic environments. This review covers their occurrence, treatment technologies, and advancements in AMR gene databases and tools.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat.
  • Environmental reservoirs, particularly aquatic systems, are recognized as crucial for the dissemination of AMR genes.
  • Understanding the environmental fate and control of AMR genes is essential for mitigating public health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent publications (2017) on the occurrence of AMR genes in the environment, focusing on aquatic ecosystems.
  • To summarize emerging treatment technologies for removing AMR genes from the environment.
  • To assess progress in the development of AMR gene databases and analytical tools.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of selected publications from 2017.
  • Categorization of findings into occurrence, treatment technologies, and databases/tools.
  • Synthesis of information on AMR gene prevalence and control strategies.

Main Results:

  • AMR genes are prevalent in various environmental compartments, with a notable focus on aquatic environments.
  • Several innovative treatment technologies are under development to address AMR genes as environmental contaminants.
  • Significant advancements have been made in creating databases and tools for tracking and analyzing AMR genes.

Conclusions:

  • The environment, especially water bodies, serves as a significant reservoir and pathway for AMR gene dissemination.
  • Effective environmental management and technological interventions are crucial for controlling AMR.
  • Continued development of databases and tools will enhance our ability to monitor and combat environmental AMR.