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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
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A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

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Androgen receptor: what we know and what we expect in castration-resistant prostate cancer

Zhonglin Cai1, Weijie Chen2, Jianzhong Zhang1

  • 1Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.

International Urology and Nephrology
|August 22, 2018
PubMed

Insights

Prostate cancer (PCa) often becomes castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) despite androgen deprivation therapy. Understanding androgen receptor (AR) alterations is key to combating CRPC progression.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Urology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a primary treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa).
  • Prostate cancer frequently progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) within 2-3 years of ADT.
  • The androgen receptor (AR) pathway is critical in PCa and remains essential for CRPC development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted AR-related mechanisms driving CRPC development.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding AR's role in CRPC progression.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current research on AR signaling in CRPC.
  • Analysis of specific AR-related mechanisms contributing to treatment resistance.

Main Results:

  • CRPC development is linked to altered AR mechanisms.
  • Key mechanisms include increased intratumoral androgen synthesis, AR overexpression, enhanced AR cofactors, AR-spliced variants, AR pathway interactions with other tumor pathways, and AR mutations.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding AR-related mechanisms is crucial for developing effective CRPC treatments.
  • Targeting these AR alterations may offer new therapeutic strategies for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Keywords:
Androgen deprivation therapyAndrogen receptorCastration-resistant prostate cancerMoleculesProstate cancer

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