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Related Concept Videos

Communication01:03

Communication

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Communication between two animals occurs when one animal transmits an information signal that causes a change in the animal that receives the information. Organisms communicate with one another in a host of different ways. Signals can be auditory, chemical, visual, tactile, or a combination of these. Communication is a critical behavioral adaptation that promotes survival, growth, and reproduction.
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Communication01:28

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Sharing information, concepts, and emotions to foster mutual understanding is communication. The sender, recipient, and transaction must be considered in this manner. The sender is the person who shares the message, the recipient is the person who receives and understands the message, and the transaction is the method used to deliver the message and the variables that affect the communication's context and surroundings. The nurse-client connection is built on therapeutic communication.
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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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The Ideal Transformer01:26

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In single-phase two-winding transformers, two windings are coiled around a magnetic core characterized by cross-sectional area A and magnetic permeability μ. A phasor current i1 enters the left winding while i2 exits the right winding, establishing the fundamental working of the transformer through electromagnetic principles.
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Error performance analysis of a non-ideal photon counting array receiver system for optical wireless communication.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photon detection
    • Optical receiver systems
    • Semiconductor device physics

    Background:

    • Detecting weak light signals is crucial for various applications.
    • Background radiation poses a significant challenge in sensitive light detection.
    • Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GM-APDs) offer potential for high sensitivity detection.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the operational principle of GM-APDs in gated mode.
    • To develop a novel bit error rate (BER) model for photon-counting array receiver systems.
    • To investigate the error performance of GM-APD array receivers.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of GM-APD principles in gated mode.
    • Derivation of a new BER model based on photon arrival probability.
    • Simulation of system performance with varying GM-APD array sizes and signal-to-background ratios.

    Main Results:

    • A new BER model was established, incorporating parameters like quantum efficiency, signal and background photons, dark carriers, and GM-APD array size.
    • Maintaining a signal-to-background photon ratio above 1 is essential for system operation.
    • Increasing the GM-APD array size (above 20) significantly reduces required transmitting power when background noise is controlled.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed BER model enables rapid prediction of error performance for photon-counting array receivers.
    • Utilizing an array of GM-APDs enhances receiver sensitivity, especially when employing error correction coding for a target BER of 10^-3.
    • Optimizing GM-APD array scale and managing background noise are key to improving receiver performance and reducing power demands.