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Rotational equilibrium provides a natural framework for defining the center of mass of a system. For a plank balanced on a pivot with two unequal masses, equilibrium is achieved when the net torque about the pivot is zero. Torque is defined as the product of a force and its perpendicular distance from the pivot. When the torques due to all forces cancel, the pivot coincides with the center of mass of the system.For a system composed of several discrete point masses, the center of mass lies at...
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Strategy for Multinutrient Application in Integrated Granules Using Zein as a Coating Layer.

Ricardo Bortoletto-Santos1,2, Fábio Plotegher1, Vanderlei Roncato2

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This study introduces a novel zinc oxide (ZnO) and zein coating for monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer granules. The coating effectively controls nutrient release, preventing phosphorus fixation in acidic soils.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Soil Science

Background:

  • Phosphate fertilizer efficiency is limited by soil acidity and high iron/aluminum content, causing phosphorus (P) fixation.
  • Current fertilizer coatings offer inconsistent control over P release, necessitating improved coating materials.
  • Controlling nutrient release is key to reducing P losses and enhancing fertilizer effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel Zn-based bicoating structure using zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and zein for monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer.
  • To investigate the impact of ZnO-zein coating on P release dynamics in varying soil pH conditions.
  • To determine the optimal zein concentration for effective nutrient release control and prevention of undesirable precipitation.

Main Methods:

  • MAP granules were coated with a bicoating structure of ZnO nanoparticles and zein.
  • Coated and uncoated MAP samples were characterized to assess coating quality and thickness.
  • Nutrient release rates were compared between coated and uncoated samples in neutral and acidic solutions over time.

Main Results:

  • The ZnO-zein bicoating acts as a physical barrier, controlling nutrient release based on coating thickness and quality.
  • Zein in the coating prevents rapid nutrient release, maintaining a local acidic environment that inhibits zinc phosphate (ZnPO4) precipitation.
  • Coating effectiveness showed significant control at 2.5 wt% zein, with similar efficacy observed up to 10.0 wt% zein.

Conclusions:

  • A novel ZnO-zein bicoating effectively controls nutrient release from MAP fertilizer granules.
  • The bicoating mitigates P fixation in acidic soils by regulating release and preventing ZnPO4 precipitation.
  • This coating technology offers a promising strategy for improving phosphate fertilizer efficiency and reducing environmental losses.