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Related Concept Videos

Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary Production01:06

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary Distribution01:28

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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

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Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction
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Osteoporosis in primary biliary cholangitis.

Christopher J Danford1, Hirsh D Trivedi1, Konstantinos Papamichael1

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, Unites States.

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|August 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Osteoporosis in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) stems from reduced bone formation, unlike other forms. Current treatments, including bisphosphonates, lack proven fracture reduction benefits for PBC patients.

Keywords:
Biliary cirrhosisBisphosphonatesCholestatic liver diseaseHepatic osteodystrophyHormone replacement therapyOsteopenia

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease associated with significant complications.
  • Osteoporosis is a frequent and debilitating complication of PBC, leading to fractures and increased morbidity.
  • Current therapeutic strategies for PBC-associated osteoporosis are limited and lack robust evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in PBC.
  • To summarize current and emerging therapeutic options for PBC-related bone disease.
  • To guide future research in this area.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of major scientific databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane).
  • Inclusion of studies from the Countway Library.
  • Systematic review and synthesis of existing research on PBC and osteoporosis.

Main Results:

  • Osteoporosis in PBC is characterized by decreased bone formation, distinct from postmenopausal osteoporosis's increased bone resorption.
  • Existing treatments are often extrapolated from postmenopausal osteoporosis, with limited efficacy shown in PBC-specific trials.
  • Bisphosphonates are the primary medical intervention, but fracture reduction benefits remain unproven in PBC.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the unique pathophysiology of bone disease in PBC is crucial.
  • Current treatments for osteoporosis in PBC are insufficient, highlighting the need for PBC-specific therapeutic research.
  • Prevention strategies include lifestyle modifications like smoking cessation, healthy diet, and weight-bearing exercise.