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Human Breast Milk: Exploring the Linking Ring Among Emerging Components.

Flaminia Bardanzellu1, Vassilios Fanos1, Francesca A L Strigini2

  • 1Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.

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Maternal breast milk (BM) composition varies, impacting infant gut health and development. This study compares BM and formula milk

Keywords:
human milkhuman milk oligosaccharidesmetabolomicsmicrobiomicsmicrobiotanewbornpreterm

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Area of Science:

  • Human Biology
  • Microbiology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Maternal breast milk (BM) is a complex biological fluid crucial for neonatal development.
  • BM composition exhibits significant inter-individual variability and changes throughout lactation.
  • BM influences neonatal gut colonization and microbiota, impacting short- and long-term health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the metabolome and microbiome of maternal breast milk.
  • To compare the composition of breast milk with formula milk.
  • To evaluate the influence of individual nutrients on neonatal metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Metabolomic analysis of breast milk and formula.
  • Microbiome profiling of breast milk.
  • Comparative analysis of nutrient composition and metabolic impact.

Main Results:

  • Breast milk possesses a unique metabolome and microbiome distinct from formula.
  • Specific bioactive components in BM influence neonatal gut microbiota composition.
  • Variability in BM composition correlates with neonatal metabolic outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Neonatal nourishment, particularly breast milk, is a critical determinant of infant health and development.
  • Understanding BM composition offers potential for tailored infant nutrition strategies.
  • Further research integrating metabolomics, microbiomics, and stem cell knowledge is needed to elucidate BM's functions.