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Covalent Bonds01:29

Covalent Bonds

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Covalent Bonds01:08

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When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally,...
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Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.
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Hydrogen Bonds00:26

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Polar Covalent Bonds02:24

Polar Covalent Bonds

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Covalent bonds are formed between two atoms when both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (i.e., when both atoms have identical or fairly similar ionization energies and electron affinities). Nonmetal atoms frequently form covalent bonds with other nonmetal atoms. For example, the hydrogen molecule, H2, contains a covalent bond between its two hydrogen atoms. When two separate hydrogen atoms with a particular potential energy approach each other, their valence orbitals...
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Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Interlayer Hydrogen-Bonded Covalent Organic Frameworks as High-Performance Supercapacitors.

Arjun Halder1,2, Meena Ghosh1,2, Abdul Khayum M1,2

  • 1Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune - 411008 , India.

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|August 23, 2018
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This study introduces a stable covalent organic framework (COF) as a supercapacitor electrode. The novel COF material demonstrates exceptional energy storage capacity and long-term durability for electrochemical devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) show potential for supercapacitors (SCs).
  • Challenges include poor performance, instability, and powder form, limiting SC applications.
  • Need for robust COF materials for advanced electrochemical devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a redox-active, hydrogen-bonded COF with enhanced stability.
  • To utilize this COF as a free-standing electrode material for supercapacitors.
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance and stability of the COF-based SCs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a novel hydrogen-bonded, redox-active COF.
  • Fabrication of the COF into thin sheets for free-standing electrodes.
  • Electrochemical testing in 3 M aqueous H2SO4 electrolyte, including cyclic stability.

Main Results:

  • The COF exhibited ultrahigh stability in concentrated acids (H2SO4, HCl) and base (NaOH).
  • The free-standing COF electrode achieved an areal capacitance of 1600 mF cm⁻² (169 F g⁻¹).
  • Exceptional cyclic stability exceeding 100,000 cycles with maintained performance and Coulombic efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The developed COF is a highly stable and efficient electrode material for supercapacitors.
  • Its free-standing nature and superior electrochemical properties overcome limitations of traditional COFs.
  • Demonstrates potential for practical applications in high-performance energy storage devices.