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Related Concept Videos

Hybrid Zones02:29

Hybrid Zones

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Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique used to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissue, or tissue sections using a labeled probe. The technique was first used in 1969 for the investigation of nucleic acids. It is currently an essential tool in scientific research and clinical settings, especially for diagnostic purposes.
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Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
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According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
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A High-Throughput Candida albicans Two-Hybrid System.

Floris Schoeters1,2, Carol A Munro3, Christophe d'Enfert4

  • 1VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium.

Msphere
|August 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new high-throughput system for studying protein-protein interactions in Candida albicans was developed. This Candida albicans-specific two-hybrid (C2H) system overcomes codon usage issues, enabling large-scale screening for drug targets against fungal infections.

Keywords:
Candida albicansCandida albicans two-hybrid (C2H)ORFeomehigh-throughputprotein-protein interactionsyeast two-hybrid

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Mycology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Candida albicans, a human fungal pathogen, exhibits non-universal codon usage, translating CUG codons to serine instead of leucine.
  • This aberrant codon usage complicates the study of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) using the standard yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • The limited understanding of C. albicans PPIs hinders the development of novel antifungal strategies targeting virulence factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To adapt and implement a Candida albicans-specific two-hybrid (C2H) system for high-throughput screening of protein-protein interactions (PPIs).
  • To overcome the limitations of the traditional Y2H system caused by C. albicans' unique codon usage.
  • To facilitate large-scale investigation of PPIs within C. albicans to identify potential drug targets.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a Gateway-compatible C. albicans-specific two-hybrid (C2H) system.
  • Adaptation of the C2H system for high-throughput screening.
  • A small-scale high-throughput screen using Pho85 as bait against 1,646 prey proteins, followed by low-throughput C2H and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) validation.

Main Results:

  • The adapted C2H system successfully enabled high-throughput screening of PPIs directly within C. albicans, eliminating erroneous translations.
  • A small-scale screen identified Pcl5 as a novel interacting partner of Pho85.
  • The identified interaction was validated through both low-throughput C2H and co-immunoprecipitation experiments.

Conclusions:

  • The developed high-throughput C2H system is a powerful tool for investigating PPIs in Candida albicans.
  • This system enables the large-scale elucidation of protein networks, crucial for understanding fungal cell biology and virulence.
  • The findings pave the way for developing novel, specific antifungal drugs that target essential PPIs in C. albicans.