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Related Concept Videos

Adult Stem Cells01:33

Adult Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Adult stem cells are tissue-specific; hence, they divide to develop the tissue from which they originate. One type of adult stem cell is the epithelial stem cell, which gives rise to the keratinocytes in the multiple layers of epithelial cells in the epidermis of the skin. Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells:...
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Data Collection on Marine Litter Ingestion in Sea Turtles and Thresholds for Good Environmental Status
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A Triassic stem turtle with an edentulous beak.

Chun Li1,2, Nicholas C Fraser3, Olivier Rieppel4

  • 1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. lichun@ivpp.ac.cn.

Nature
|August 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A newly discovered Triassic turtle from China provides key insights into early turtle evolution. This fossil, featuring an edentulous beak and rigid puboischiadic plate, challenges previous theories on turtle origins.

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Area of Science:

  • Vertebrate Palaeontology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Mesozoic Reptiles

Background:

  • The evolutionary origins and phylogenetic placement of turtles remain a significant debate in palaeontology.
  • Recent studies propose turtles as diapsids, but their specific position within this group and the timeline of key trait acquisition are contested.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a new fossil turtle from the Triassic period discovered in China.
  • To analyze the evolutionary implications of its unique combination of primitive and advanced features for understanding early turtle diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Description and morphological analysis of a newly unearthed fossil turtle specimen.
  • Comparative analysis of skeletal features, including the beak and pelvic girdle, with known fossil and extant turtle relatives.

Main Results:

  • The discovery of the earliest known stem turtle exhibiting an edentulous beak (toothless) and a rigid puboischiadic plate.
  • This specimen displays a mosaic of derived and plesiomorphic (ancestral) characteristics, indicating a complex evolutionary pathway.

Conclusions:

  • The new fossil challenges simplistic models of early turtle evolution.
  • It highlights a more intricate history for stem turtles, with early divergence and varied acquisition of key anatomical features.