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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles

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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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Fluid Movement Between Compartments01:18

Fluid Movement Between Compartments

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The force applied by fluids against a surface, known as hydrostatic pressure, initiates the transfer of fluid among different compartments. Within our blood vessels, the blood's hydrostatic pressure is a result of the heart's pumping action. At the arteriolar end of capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (capillary blood pressure) exceeds the opposing colloid osmotic pressure created primarily by plasma proteins like albumin. This discrepancy in pressure propels plasma and nutrients from the...
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Movement Joints in Buildings01:27

Movement Joints in Buildings

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Movement joints in buildings are essential design elements that accommodate inevitable motions caused by various factors such as temperature changes, moisture content variations, and structural deflections. These motions, if not considered in design and construction, can lead to unsightly or dangerous damage. Movement joints are incorporated in different forms to manage these stresses and allow materials to move without causing distress.
The simplest type of movement joints, working joints, are...
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Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Related Experiment Video

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Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory
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Disorders of Vergence Eye Movements.

Anthony J Brune1, Eric R Eggenberger2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Current Treatment Options in Neurology
|August 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Gaze disorders with comitant ocular misalignment require careful evaluation to distinguish neurologic conditions from benign causes. Early diagnosis and a stepwise treatment approach are crucial for effective management.

Keywords:
Convergence insufficiencyConvergence spasmDiplopiaDivergence insufficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Disorders of gaze with comitant ocular misalignment are common in pediatric and aging populations.
  • Differentiating neurologic causes from benign conditions is critical for appropriate management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of gaze disorders with comitant ocular misalignment.
  • To highlight clinical features aiding differentiation between neurologic and benign etiologies.
  • To discuss diagnostic evaluation and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of randomized controlled trials and Cochrane reviews.
  • Emphasis on clinical features and ocular motility examination.
  • Discussion of diagnostic workup including neuroimaging when indicated.

Main Results:

  • Formal vision therapy is superior for childhood convergence insufficiency.
  • Divergence insufficiency in older adults is often age-related; in children, it may signal CNS disease.
  • Benign vergence disorders are common but require thorough evaluation to exclude serious pathology.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach to history and ocular motility examination is essential for diagnosing gaze disorders.
  • Atypical presentations warrant comprehensive evaluation, potentially including neuroimaging.
  • Treatment should be stepwise, starting with conservative interventions, with surgery as a potential option.