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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Density is an important characteristic of substances, crucial in determining whether an object sinks or floats in a fluid. Its SI unit is kg/m3, and its cgs unit is g/cm3. The density of an object helps in identifying its composition, and also reveals information about the phase of the matter and its substructure. The densities of liquids and solids are roughly comparable, consistent with the fact that their atoms are in close contact. However, gases have much lower densities than liquids and...
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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Lightweight sCMOS-based high-density diffuse optical tomography.

Karla M Bergonzi1, Tracy M Burns-Yocum2, Jonathan R Bumstead2

  • 1Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States.

Neurophotonics
|August 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new superpixel diffuse optical tomography (SP-DOT) system uses smaller fibers and advanced algorithms to create lightweight, wearable brain imaging caps. This technology achieves high resolution and field-of-view for functional neuroimaging.

Keywords:
CMOSdiffuse optical tomographyfiber opticsfunctional neuroimagingimage reconstructionvisual stimulus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biomedical Optics
  • Optical Engineering

Background:

  • Widespread adoption of optical brain imaging is limited by the tradeoff between cap wearability, field of view, and resolution.
  • Current high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) systems require more fibers for increased coverage, leading to heavier, less wearable caps.
  • Smaller optical fibers, while reducing weight, typically collect less light, challenging signal-to-noise ratio.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a lightweight and wearable optical neuroimaging system with a large field of view and high resolution.
  • To overcome the limitations of current HD-DOT systems by reducing fiber size without compromising image quality.
  • To leverage advanced camera technology and algorithms for improved performance in diffuse optical tomography.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced a superpixel sCMOS DOT (SP-DOT) system utilizing scientific CMOS cameras and -diameter fibers, significantly smaller than those in current HD-DOT systems.
  • Developed a superpixel algorithm incorporating pixel binning and electronic noise subtraction to enhance dynamic range and signal detection.
  • Assessed system performance through retinotopic mapping of the visual cortex in human subjects.

Main Results:

  • The SP-DOT system successfully employs smaller fibers ( cross-sectional area) to create a lightweight, wearable imaging cap.
  • The developed algorithm achieved high dynamic range (), high frame rate (), and a low effective detectivity threshold (), comparable to existing HD-DOT systems.
  • Retinotopic mapping demonstrated the system's capability for high-resolution functional neuroimaging.

Conclusions:

  • The SP-DOT system presents a practical solution for wearable, large field-of-view, high-resolution optical neuroimaging.
  • This technology effectively addresses the wearability and performance tradeoffs in current diffuse optical tomography systems.
  • SP-DOT paves the way for broader clinical and research applications of functional optical brain imaging.