Amphiphilic core-shell nanoparticles: Synthesis, biophysical properties, and applications

Recent advancements in amphiphilic core shell (ACS) nanoparticles have resulted in the development of multifunctional nanocarriers for broad spectrum applications. The ACS nanoparticles are synthesized between organic/organic and organic/inorganic molecules or entities making them highly versatile delivery vehicles. The shape, size, and biological features such as biocompatibility and biodegradability of ACS nanoparticles depend on their synthesis method and type of polymers used in their preparation. This review describes the current status of synthesis methods of polymer-based ACS nanoparticles and their biophysical characteristics. Further, it elaborates the use of ACS nanoparticles in biomedical and non-medical fields with particular emphasis on drug and gene co-delivery which have received substantial consideration in recent times. In biomedical field, different ACS nanoparticles have been developed as drug and gener carriers and are under trials for human use. These nanoparticles have also been utilized for non-medical application such as enzyme immobilization, bioseperation, removal of heavy metals, and remediation of toxic gases. The development of novel multifunctional ACS nanoparticles based on suitable carrier design and optimum polymer chemistry will open new gateways for delivering more complex and high molecular weight therapeutic molecules to the target sites.