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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Information Visualization
    • Perception Psychology

    Background:

    • Smartwatch interactions are brief, typically under 5 seconds.
    • Understanding perception limits for smartwatch visualizations is crucial for effective design.
    • Limited display space on smartwatches poses unique visualization challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the minimum time required for simple data comparison tasks on smartwatch visualizations.
    • To inform design constraints for effective smartwatch data display.
    • To evaluate user perception of different chart types under time constraints.

    Main Methods:

    • Conducted two perception studies assessing data comparison task times on smartwatches.
    • Tested bar charts, donut charts, and radial bar charts with 7, 12, and 24 data values.
    • Varied the magnitude of differences between target data points across studies.

    Main Results:

    • Average task completion times were <300 ms for bar charts, <220 ms for donut charts, and <1780 ms for radial bar charts.
    • Task completion thresholds were 1.14–1.35× higher in the second study (random differences) compared to the first (controlled differences).
    • Bar and donut charts enabled significantly faster data comparison than radial bar charts.

    Conclusions:

    • Bar and donut charts are recommended for smartwatch displays when rapid data comparison is essential.
    • Radial bar charts are less suitable for quick data comparison tasks on smartwatches.
    • Findings provide empirical evidence for designing efficient visualizations for glanceable interactions on small screens.