Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

11.1K
Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One...
11.1K
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

15.7K
Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
15.7K
Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

17.4K
If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
17.4K
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

9.4K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
9.4K
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

1.3K
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
1.3K
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

995
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
995

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

User Experience of Persons Using Ingestible Sensor-Enabled Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to Prevent HIV Infection: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

JMIR mHealth and uHealth·2024
Same author

Patients' Perspectives on Plans Generated During Primary Care Visits and Self-Reported Adherence at 3 Months: Data From a Randomized Trial.

Journal of participatory medicine·2024
Same author

Donor-Specific Antibody Testing is an Effective Surveillance Strategy for High-Risk Antibody Mediated Rejection in Heart Transplant Patients in the Contemporary Era.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2023
Same author

Effectiveness of long-term noninvasive ventilation measured by remote monitoring in neuromuscular disease.

ERJ open research·2023
Same author

Benefit versus Risk of Endomyocardial Biopsy for Heart Transplant Patients in the Contemporary Era.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2023
Same author

Exercise Training to Improve Brain Health in Older People Living With HIV: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

JMIR research protocols·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: Development and Evaluation of a Compound Acne Rodent Model Using C. acnes and Oleic Acid
03:10

Author Spotlight: Development and Evaluation of a Compound Acne Rodent Model Using C. acnes and Oleic Acid

Published on: November 1, 2024

3.7K

Association between Type 1 Modic Changes and Propionibacterium Acnes Infection in the Cervical Spine: An

M M Georgy1,2, F Vaida3, M Stern2

  • 1From the Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (M.M.G., F.V.), Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California mgeorgy@ucsd.edu markmgeorgy@gmail.com.

AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
|August 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Propionibacterium acnes (P acnes) bacteria are common in degenerated cervical spines. Type 1 Modic changes predict a positive P acnes culture, suggesting a link between bacteria and spinal degeneration.

More Related Videos

Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
11:56

Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Published on: August 24, 2015

11.7K
Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice
07:28

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Published on: May 9, 2013

17.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: Development and Evaluation of a Compound Acne Rodent Model Using C. acnes and Oleic Acid
03:10

Author Spotlight: Development and Evaluation of a Compound Acne Rodent Model Using C. acnes and Oleic Acid

Published on: November 1, 2024

3.7K
Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
11:56

Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Published on: August 24, 2015

11.7K
Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice
07:28

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Published on: May 9, 2013

17.1K

Area of Science:

  • Spinal surgery
  • Microbiology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • The presence of Propionibacterium acnes (P acnes) in the disc space challenges the sterile skeletal paradigm.
  • Limited and conflicting research exists on the association between P acnes and Type 1 Modic changes (MC1).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between P acnes and Type 1 Modic changes in the cervical spine.
  • To explore potential new treatment avenues for spinal degeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Intraoperative cervical spine disc biopsies were collected from 48 patients over 36 months.
  • Disc material was cultured for P acnes, and preoperative MR images were assessed for Modic changes.
  • Patient records were reviewed for prior spinal interventions.

Main Results:

  • P acnes was detected in 29% of patients.
  • Type 1 Modic changes were present in 27% of patients.
  • A significant association was found between Type 1 Modic changes and P acnes positivity (54% vs. 20%, P=0.03).

Conclusions:

  • P acnes is prevalent in degenerated cervical discs.
  • Type 1 Modic changes are predictive of P acnes presence.
  • P acnes prevalence was not linked to prior spinal interventions, but findings may impact future care standards.