Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots
Published on: October 23, 2014
Interaction-driven quantum Hall wedding cake-like structures in graphene quantum dots
Christopher Gutiérrez1,2, Daniel Walkup1,2, Fereshte Ghahari1,2
1Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
Abstract:
Quantum-relativistic matter is ubiquitous in nature; however, it is notoriously difficult to probe. The ease with which external electric and magnetic fields can be introduced in graphene opens a door to creating a tabletop prototype of strongly confined relativistic matter. Here, through a detailed spectroscopic mapping, we directly visualize the interplay between spatial and magnetic confinement in a circular graphene resonator as atomic-like shell states condense into Landau levels. We directly observe the development of a "wedding cake"-like structure of concentric regions of compressible-incompressible quantum Hall states, a signature of electron interactions in the system. Solid-state experiments can, therefore, yield insights into the behavior of quantum-relativistic matter under extreme conditions.
Related Concept Videos
Quantum Numbers
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom
The Hall Effect
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)
The Dot Product
Dot Product
In engineering, the dot product of any two vectors is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. It is denoted by a dot symbol between the two vectors.
Consider a vehicle pulling an object along the ground using a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the horizontal axis, the work done can be calculated using the dot product of the force applied and the object's displacement.
The dot...

