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Related Concept Videos

The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Fixation and Sectioning01:03

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Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
The simplest type of preparation is the wet mount, in which the specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid specimen can be directly deposited on the slide using a dropper. Solid specimens, such as skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid to prepare the wet mount. Sometimes the liquid is simply water, but stains are often added...
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Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
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Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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Nitrogen Fixation in Cereals.

Mónica Rosenblueth1, Ernesto Ormeño-Orrillo2, Aline López-López3

  • 1Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|August 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Enhancing biological nitrogen fixation in cereals like maize and rice is crucial for sustainable agriculture. While challenges remain, new diazotroph mutants and genetic modification offer promising avenues for improving nitrogen supply in these vital crops.

Keywords:
BurkholderiaRhizobiumcorndiazotrophic bacteriariceroot colonizationsorghumwheat

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Microbiology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Cereals are vital global food sources, relying heavily on chemical fertilizers.
  • Cereal-associated microbes, including diazotrophs, offer potential for biological nitrogen fixation.
  • Current biological nitrogen fixation levels in cereals are insufficient compared to legumes or chemical fertilizers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore strategies for enhancing biological nitrogen fixation in cereals.
  • To investigate the potential of diazotrophs and genetic modification for cereal nutrition.
  • To overcome limitations of current nitrogen fixation methods in major crops.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (diazotrophs).
  • Application of culture-independent molecular approaches to study microbial communities.
  • Development of diazotroph mutants and genetic modification strategies for cereals.

Main Results:

  • Diazotrophs are found in cereals as endophytes or on roots, with expressed nitrogenase genes.
  • Previous efforts to increase nitrogen fixation in cereals have had limited success.
  • New diazotroph mutants show enhanced ammonium excretion, promoting plant growth.

Conclusions:

  • Significant research efforts are ongoing to improve biological nitrogen fixation in cereals.
  • Genetic modification and enhanced microbial strains represent future directions for sustainable cereal production.
  • Overcoming nitrogen limitations in cereals could reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers.