Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

In Situ Isolation and Culturing of Recalcitrant Soil Bacteria using an Isolation Chip (iChip)
11:07

In Situ Isolation and Culturing of Recalcitrant Soil Bacteria using an Isolation Chip (iChip)

Published on: August 6, 2025

2.7K

NDM-1-producing Enterobacter aerogenes isolated from a patient with a JJ ureteric stent in situ

Irena Franolić1, Branka Bedenić2,3, Nataša Beader2,3

  • 1Institute of Public Health of Lika-Senj County, Gospić, Croatia.

CEN Case Reports
|August 25, 2018
PubMed

Insights

Urinary tract infections are common after JJ stent insertion. A carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes strain carrying New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) was identified, a first for this species in Europe.

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent complications following ureteric stent insertion.
  • Indwelling ureteric stents can promote biofilm formation and the development of resistant bacterial infections.

Observation:

  • A 73-year-old woman developed a UTI post-JJ stent insertion for ureteric obstruction.
  • The causative agent was identified as carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes.

Findings:

  • The identified Enterobacter aerogenes strain carried the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) gene.
  • This represents the first report of NDM-1 in Enterobacter aerogenes in Croatia and Europe.
  • This extensively resistant strain was implicated in early ureteric stent complications.

Implications:

  • Highlights the increasing threat of multi-resistant organisms in healthcare-associated infections.
  • Underscores the need for vigilance in managing UTIs associated with indwelling medical devices.
  • Emphasizes the importance of molecular diagnostics for identifying novel resistance mechanisms.
Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistanceEnterobacter aerogenesJJ stentNDM-1Ureteric obstruction

More Related Videos

Generation of Enterobacter sp. YSU Auxotrophs Using Transposon Mutagenesis13:31

Generation of Enterobacter sp. YSU Auxotrophs Using Transposon Mutagenesis

Published on: October 31, 2014

14.5K
Fabrication of Small Caliber Stent-grafts Using Electrospinning and Balloon Expandable Bare Metal Stents06:55

Fabrication of Small Caliber Stent-grafts Using Electrospinning and Balloon Expandable Bare Metal Stents

Published on: October 26, 2016

9.5K

Related Concept Videos

In-situ Hybridization02:31

In-situ Hybridization

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique used to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissue, or tissue sections using a labeled probe. The technique was first used in 1969 for the investigation of nucleic acids. It is currently an essential tool in scientific research and clinical settings, especially for diagnostic purposes.
Types of probes and labels
A probe is a complementary strand of DNA or RNA that binds to corresponding nucleotide sequences in a cell. Many...
10.6K
SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:15

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

This lesson provides an in-depth discussion of the stereochemical outcomes in an SN1 reaction.
In the first step of an SN1 reaction, the bond between the electrophilic carbon and the leaving group ionizes to generate the carbocation intermediate. The second step of the mechanism is the nucleophilic attack.
In the formed carbocation, the positively charged carbon is sp2 hybridized with a trigonal planar geometry. As all the three substituents lie on the same plane, a plane of symmetry for the...
10.4K
SN1 Reaction: Kinetics02:05

SN1 Reaction: Kinetics

In an SN2 reaction, the reaction rate depends on both the type of nucleophile and the substrate. A hindered tertiary alkyl halide is practically inert to the SN2 mechanism despite using a strong nucleophile.
However, Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes, who studied the kinetics of various nucleophilic substitution reactions, noticed that a tertiary alkyl halide does undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a weak nucleophile. While studying the substitution...
9.6K
SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a...
14.3K
Acidity of 1-Alkynes02:42

Acidity of 1-Alkynes


The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.
11.2K
Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN202:27

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
With increased substitution on the alkyl halide,...
17.4K