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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Previous models of strained graphene phase diagrams were incomplete.
  • Ignoring electron correlations, mobile carbons, or stress effects leads to inaccurate predictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To accurately calculate the ground state enthalpy of strained graphene.
  • To investigate the phase transitions and electronic properties of strained graphene.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing an off-lattice quantum Monte Carlo correlated ansatz for accurate enthalpy calculations.
  • Performing parallel density-functional calculations for comparison.

Main Results:

  • A semimetallic state at low strain transitions to a Kekulé-like dimerized (DIM) insulating state between 8.5% and 15% strain.
  • The DIM state, stabilized by Heitler-London correlations, is a topological insulator with a predicted band gap exceeding 1 eV.
  • This DIM state prevails over competing antiferromagnetic insulating states.

Conclusions:

  • Electron correlations and applied stress are crucial for predicting graphene's phase diagram.
  • Strained graphene can become a topological insulator with potential for 1D metallic interface states.
  • The findings offer insights into the behavior of stressed 2D materials.