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Punishment01:27

Punishment

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Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused but serve distinct functions in behavior modification. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior....
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Inhaled Medications01:23

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Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
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Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

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Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
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Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

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Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
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Pericarditis III: Medical Management01:17

Pericarditis III: Medical Management

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The primary objectives of managing pericarditis are to determine the underlying cause, provide effective therapy for treatment and symptom relief, and promptly detect signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade. The following outlines the essential aspects of medical management for pericarditis:ObjectivesDetermine the Cause: Identifying the underlying cause of pericarditis is crucial for targeted treatment. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune diseases, post-cardiac injury syndrome, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

A Procedure to Study Stress-Induced Relapse of Heroin Seeking after Punishment-Imposed Abstinence
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Meting Out Medication, Not Punishment.

Timothy Kelley

    Managed Care (Langhorne, Pa.)
    |August 25, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new program offers Vivitrol injections to former inmates with opioid addiction, aiming to reduce recidivism by providing treatment instead of punishment. This approach supports sustained recovery and community reintegration.

    Area of Science:

    • Addiction medicine
    • Criminal justice reform
    • Public health

    Background:

    • High rates of opioid addiction among former inmates contribute to frequent re-incarceration.
    • Traditional punitive approaches often fail to address the underlying addiction, perpetuating a cycle of recidivism.
    • There is a growing recognition of the need for evidence-based treatment interventions within the criminal justice system.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel program providing Vivitrol injections to former inmates with opioid addiction.
    • To assess the program's impact on reducing relapse rates and subsequent incarceration.
    • To explore a treatment-focused model for managing opioid addiction in a post-incarceration population.

    Main Methods:

    • Participants receive monthly Vivitrol (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) injections for one year.
    Keywords:
    NaltrexoneOpioid-Related DisordersPrisons

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  • The program integrates medication-assisted treatment with supportive services.
  • Recidivism rates and treatment adherence are monitored throughout the study period.

    • Main Results:

    • Preliminary data suggests a reduction in relapse rates among participants receiving Vivitrol.
    • The program demonstrates potential in decreasing the likelihood of re-arrest and re-incarceration.
    • Participant feedback indicates improved quality of life and sustained abstinence.

    Conclusions:

    • Medication-assisted treatment with Vivitrol shows promise in supporting recovery for former inmates with opioid addiction.
    • A treatment-focused approach can be a viable alternative to punitive measures, potentially lowering recidivism.
    • This program model offers a pathway to improved public health outcomes and reduced criminal justice system burden.