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Behavioral and Perceptual Differences between Sexes in Dogs: An Overview.

Anna Scandurra¹, Alessandra Alterisio², Anna Di Cosmo³

¹Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy. annascan@hotmail.it.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI

|August 26, 2018

Summary

Sex differences in dogs, including personality and cognition, largely reflect evolutionary heritage rather than domestication. While males show more aggression and females more cooperative social skills, some wild animal sex differences are not seen in dogs.

Keywords:

aggressiveness boldness distractibility dog behavior excitability lateralization navigation strategy olfactory skill sociability

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Area of Science:

Behavioral ecology
Evolutionary biology
Animal cognition

Background:

Domestication and artificial selection may alter sex-related differences observed in wild animals.
Understanding sex differences in dogs provides insights into behavioral ecology and evolutionary processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review scientific reports on sex-related differences in dogs.
To explore the influence of domestication and artificial selection on these differences.
To compare canine sex differences with those in wild animals.

Main Methods:

Review of scientific literature on canine personality, cognition, and perception.
Analysis of behavioral syndromes, social interactions, cognitive strategies, and sensory perception.
Comparison of findings in dogs with data from wild animal populations.

Main Results:

Males exhibit higher aggressiveness and boldness; females show greater inclination for cooperative human interaction.
Males display more flexible navigation strategies and are preferentially left-handed; females are preferentially right-handed.
Females excel at focusing on single stimuli; only males discriminate kin, with sex-specific olfactory timing.

Conclusions:

Sex differences in dogs are primarily rooted in biological and evolutionary heritage, largely unaffected by artificial selection.
Canine sex differences align with life-history theories.
Unlike wild males, dogs do not replicate higher intraspecific sociability.