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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

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A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
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A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
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All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, are the reactants in the production of table salt. One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the product. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass, which means that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The components of the reactants—the number of atoms and the...
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Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ones formed. In general, kinetic energy is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion. Imagine a person building a brick wall. The energy it takes to lift and place one brick on top of another is the kinetic energy—the energy matter possesses because of its motion. Once the wall is in place, it stores potential energy.
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The first law of thermodynamics holds that energy can neither be created nor destroyed—it can only change form. An organism's essential function is to consume (ingest) energy and molecules in the foods we eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain our body functions, and build and maintain our body structures. There are two types of reactions that accomplish this: anabolism and catabolism.
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Networking chemical robots for reaction multitasking.

Dario Caramelli1, Daniel Salley1, Alon Henson1

  • 1School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.

Nature Communications
|August 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed an affordable (<$500) networked robot system for real-time chemical experiments. This internet of things (IoT) approach enables collaborative research, accelerating discovery and improving reproducibility in chemical sciences.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Robotics
  • Internet of Things (IoT)

Background:

  • The proliferation of networked devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) has not translated to experimental chemistry due to system inflexibility.
  • Existing approaches are not adaptable for the complex data collection needs of chemical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a simple, affordable, and networked robotic system for chemical experimentation.
  • To demonstrate the system's capability for real-time, collaborative, and automated chemical research.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a low-cost (<$500) robot using standard hardware and software protocols.
  • Networking multiple robots for coordinated, real-time execution of chemical experiments.
  • Utilizing collaborative multi-robot processes and game playing for chemical space exploration.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated collaborative execution of azo-coupling reactions by two networked robots, significantly reducing experimental time.
  • Successfully encoded and decoded information within a network of oscillating reactions.
  • Showcased the system's utility in assessing reaction reproducibility and discovering novel reaction outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The developed robotic system offers a flexible and affordable solution for advancing automated chemical research.
  • Networked robots can significantly accelerate chemical discovery, enhance reproducibility, and explore complex chemical spaces.
  • This IoT-enabled platform opens new avenues for collaborative and efficient experimental chemistry.