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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults
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Arm swing asymmetry in overground walking.

Tim Killeen1, Morad Elshehabi2,3,4, Linard Filli5

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Summary

Left-dominant arm swing is common in healthy adults during overground walking, regardless of speed or cognitive load. Arm swing symmetry indices (ASI) may serve as complementary disease markers.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human locomotion
  • Gait analysis

Background:

  • Previous treadmill studies indicated left-dominant arm swing in healthy adults, modulated by cognitive dual-tasking.
  • Limited research exists on arm swing asymmetry during overground walking.
  • Understanding arm swing patterns is crucial for assessing gait health and potential neurological indicators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate arm swing asymmetry during overground walking in a cohort of healthy older adults.
  • To determine the influence of walking speed and cognitive dual-tasking on arm swing symmetry.
  • To explore the potential utility of directional (dASI) and non-directional (ndASI) arm swing symmetry indices as biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • 334 healthy adults (mean age 68.6 years) participated in overground walking experiments.
  • Participants walked at comfortable (NW) and fast (FW) speeds, and during a cognitive dual-task (DT) involving serial subtraction.
  • Sagittal shoulder range of motion was measured using wrist-affixed inertial measurement units to calculate dASI and ndASI.

Main Results:

  • The majority of participants (91%) were right-handed, yet group mean arm swing amplitude was consistently larger on the left across all conditions.
  • Non-directional arm swing symmetry index (ndASI) showed no significant differences between walking conditions.
  • Directional arm swing symmetry index (dASI) was significantly smaller during dual-tasking (DT) compared to fast walking (FW), indicating reduced asymmetry under cognitive load.
  • The distribution of dASI was bimodal, suggesting a 2:1 ratio of left-dominant to right-dominant arm swing.
  • Handedness did not influence ndASI, dASI, or their modulation by dual-tasking.

Conclusions:

  • Left-dominant arm swing is the typical pattern in healthy human overground walking, irrespective of walking speed, cognitive demands, or handedness.
  • Directional and non-directional arm swing symmetry indices exhibit distinct behaviors under different walking conditions.
  • ASI metrics hold potential as sensitive and complementary markers for detecting subtle changes in gait, possibly related to neurological or age-related conditions.