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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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What is the Immune System?01:38

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Overview
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
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Innate and adaptive immunity in necrotizing enterocolitis.

Madison A Mara1, Misty Good1, Joern-Hendrik Weitkamp2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
|August 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a severe infant gut disease, arises from prematurity, formula, and gut microbes. Immune responses and inflammation disrupt the intestinal barrier, leading to NEC development.

Keywords:
Adaptive immunityInnate immunityIntestinal epitheliumNecrotizing enterocolitisPrematurityT lymphocytesToll-like receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal medicine
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a critical gastrointestinal disease affecting premature infants.
  • While exact causes are unknown, NEC is linked to prematurity, formula feeding, and gut microbiota.
  • Emerging research highlights the role of heightened mucosal immune responses in NEC pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
  • To explore the role of the intestinal epithelium and immune signaling in NEC development.
  • To summarize the contribution of innate and adaptive immunity to NEC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cellular composition of the intestinal epithelium.
  • Analysis of cell signaling pathways involved in NEC, including TLRs and NLRs.
  • Review of immune system components (cytokines, cellular elements) in NEC.

Main Results:

  • The intestinal epithelium is crucial for maintaining gut integrity.
  • Toll-like receptors and nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors are key signaling pathways in NEC.
  • Cytokines and immune cells significantly modulate NEC development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding NEC pathogenesis requires examining epithelial integrity, immune signaling, and microbial interactions.
  • Immune responses play a central role in the inflammatory cascade leading to NEC.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can inform strategies for preventing and treating NEC in premature infants.