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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
Published on: May 27, 2021
Efficacy of Habit Reversal Training in Children With Chronic Tic Disorders: A Within-Subject Analysis
Paula Viefhaus1, Marion Feldhausen1, Anja Görtz-Dorten1,2
1School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), University Hospital, Cologne, Germany.
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to evaluate a cognitive-behavioral treatment for children and adolescents with tic disorder including habit reversal training (HRT) in a sample of children and adolescents (n = 27). Multiple outcome measures were used to assess the effects of the treatment on tic symptoms. In addition, impairment/subjective burden ratings and the self-efficacy to control tics were assessed. A within-subject design with two phases (8 weeks diagnostic; 16 sessions treatment) was analyzed using multilevel modeling (MLM). During the treatment phase, significant improvements in tic symptoms, impairment, and self-efficacy to control tics were found on most outcome measures. Treatment effects were found on the clinical rating of tic symptoms (Yale Global Tic Severity Scale [YGTSS]), the self-efficacy to control tics, and the video-observed motor tic frequency by comparing the improvements during treatment with the course of the outcome measures during the preceding diagnostic phase.
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